A medical animation depicting Cytotoxic T Cells (See Lesson #2) destroying a tumor.
THESE SOME GREAT REAL PICTURES OF YOUR IMMUNE CELLS. ALL OF THEM ARE CIRCULATING IN YOUR BODY AND WORKING 24/7 TO PREVENT YOU FROM GETTING INFECTION AND FALL SICK. ^^
AREN’T YOU AMAZED BY THESE? WELL, I AM.
MY NEXT EXAM PAPER: IMMUNOLOGY~ DANG~~~~
![sciencenote:
Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens which cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in oligoclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. SAgs can be produced by pathogenic microbes (including viruses, mycoplasma, and bacteria) as a defense mechanism against the immune system.Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where .001-.0001% of the body’s T-cells are activated, these SAgs are capable of activating up to 20% of the body’s T-cells.[citation needed] Furthermore, Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28Antibodies (CD28-SuperMAB) have also shown to be highly potent superantigens (and can activate up to 100% of T cells).](http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lvsrx20DxA1qa77t4o1_500.jpg)
Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens which cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in oligoclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. SAgs can be produced by pathogenic microbes (including viruses, mycoplasma, and bacteria) as a defense mechanism against the immune system.Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where .001-.0001% of the body’s T-cells are activated, these SAgs are capable of activating up to 20% of the body’s T-cells.[citation needed] Furthermore, Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28Antibodies (CD28-SuperMAB) have also shown to be highly potent superantigens (and can activate up to 100% of T cells).
In a sepsis patient’s lung cells (left), brown indicates a protein with the potential to “turn off” T-cells. Lung cells from a patient without sepsis remain blue (right), indicating the protein is not present. Credit: 2011 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
“More than 225,000 people die each year from sepsis, and developing more effective therapies has been challenging,” says senior investigator Richard S. Hotchkiss, MD, professor of anesthesiology. “This project was focused on trying to understand the mechanisms that underlie how the immune system responds to sepsis.”
That’s been an important question because the onset of sepsis usually includes what doctors call a “cytokine storm,” when the body’s immune system produces a massive inflammatory response. Some patients die during this initial phase. But others survive, including a significant number of patients whose sepsis evolves into a longer, chronic phase.
……..“A real benefit of this study is that it points to how the paradigm for treating sepsis should change,” Hotchkiss says. “It’s pretty clear from this study that in some patients, we need to find ways to activate T-cells to fight sepsis.”
